BALI , INDONESIA- WHY AND HOW DOES A LAND BECOMES HIGHLY SPIRITUAL and Holy??

 Article, Culture & Heritage -  Bali, Indonesia, spiritual history of indonesia -  December 16, 2013

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Bali is a part of Indonesia. Indonesia was a Hindu country which after the Muslim invasion was occupied my majority of muslims . But Bali is a separate island which has 42 lakh Hindus .
1. Every year at Bali they celebrate Nyepi day , it falls on march 12th . On this day the whole population maintains silence – MOuna Vradha. They meditate for long hours in their homes Whole Baali is in silence from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m on this day , and it is a national holiday for the whole of Indonesia .

2. The origin of Bali is Indian Rishi Kul . Even today , the school syllabus of Bali has lessons about Rishis of Indian origin , like Maarkandeya , Agathiar , Bheeshma etc

3. In Bali men and women , both have to wear Dothi ( the traditional Indian dress of men in india ) . In India traditional dress practice is followed only In some temples. But in Indonesia , it is followed in all the Hindu temples .

4. Children are taught the discipline of Rishis , which is called Tri hita Karana .

5. In Baali schools daily 3 times they do surya namaskaar and during that time they chant Gayathri mantra . Even in radio , it is surya namaskaar prayer time 3 times . In india there is only opposition for all this .

6. Indonesia is a muslim dominated country , still the govt pays salary for all the temple priests of Hindu temples as well as mosques .

7. Senior citizens of Indonesia practice typical Indian styled Hinduism .

8. In Indonesia , agriculture is prime income . They pray to Godess Sri Devi and Bhu devi before and after harvest . All the farm lands have the idols of Sri devi and Bhu devi installed !

They have been taught to raise farms by Hindu elders , even from the 9 the century B.C .This is termed as Subak System . This is a watering system maintained by the temple priests World around , they want to follow this system . It originated from India , But India is not following this subak system of raising farms .

9. Even today they do not read slogans / prayers from printed books . Instead they keep it written down in palm leaves . Even Ramayana they have written in palm leaves and carry it and read it during festival days .

10. During functions , Hindus get together and dance and sing the praise of Gods . There is no doubt that Bali is the Heaven of Hindus .

It is the most beautiful island in the world . Hinduism is in its roots , with peaceful life style , Religious entertainments are the ancient dance and music, It attracts massive tourism .

indian surgery

प्राचीन भारत में चिकित्सा एवं सर्जरी प्रौद्योगिकी

 Science -  February 9, 2014

* प्लास्टिक सर्जरी की उत्पत्ति ?

कई लोग प्लास्टिक सर्जरी को अपेक्षाकृत एक नई विधा के रूप में मानते हैं। प्लास्टिक सर्जरी की उत्पत्ति की जड़ें भारत से सिंधु नदी सभ्यता से 4000 से अधिक साल से जुड़ी हैं।

 

इस सभ्यता से जुड़े श्लोकों(भजनों) को 3000 और 1000 ई॰पू॰ के बीच संस्कृत भाषा में वेदों के रूप में संकलित किया गया है, जो हिंदू धर्म की सबसे पुरानी पवित्र पुस्तकों में हैं। इस युग को भारतीय इतिहास में वैदिक काल (5000 साल ईसा पूर्व) के रूप में जाना जाता है, जिस अवधि के दौरान चारों वेदों, अर्थात् ऋग्वेद, सामवेद, यजुर्वेद और अथर्ववेद को संकलित किया गया। सभी चारों वेद श्लोक(भजन), छंद, मंत्र के रूप में संस्कृत भाषा संकलित किए गए हैं। ‘सुश्रुत संहिता’ अथर्ववेद का एक हिस्सा माना जाता है।

‘सुश्रुत संहिता’ (सुश्रुत संग्रह), जो भारतीय चिकित्सा में सर्जरी की प्राचीन परंपरा का वर्णन करता है, को भारतीय चिकित्सा साहित्य के सबसे शानदार रत्नों में से एक के रूप में माना जाता है। इस ग्रंथ में महान प्राचीन सर्जन ‘सुश्रुत’ की शिक्षाओं और अभ्यास का विस्तृत विवरण है, जो आज भी महत्वपूर्ण प्रासंगिक शल्य ज्ञान है।

प्लास्टिक सर्जरी का मतलब है – “शरीर के किसी हिस्से को ठीक करना।” प्लास्टिक सर्जरी में प्लास्टिक का उपयोग नहीं होता है। सर्जरी के पहले जुड़ा प्लास्टिक ग्रीक शब्द- “प्लास्टिको” से आया है। ग्रीक में “प्लास्टिको” का अर्थ होता है बनाना या तैयार करना। प्लास्टिक सर्जरी में सर्जन शरीर के किसी हिस्से के उत्तकों को लेकर दूसरे हिस्से में जोड़ता है। भारत में सुश्रुत को पहला सर्जन (शल्य चिकित्सक) माना जाता है। आज से करीब 2500 साल पहले सुश्रुत युद्ध या प्राकृतिक विपदाओं में जिनकी नाक खराब हो जाती थी उन्हें ठीक करने का काम करते थे। ‘सुश्रुत’ प्राचीन भारत के प्रसिद्ध ज्योतिषविद् और गणितज्ञ थे। आयुर्वेद की एक संहिता के सुश्रुतसंहिता के प्रणेता। ये ६ठी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व में भारत में पैदा हुए थे। इनको शल्य क्रिया का पितामह माना जाता है।”

* चिकित्सा एवं सर्जरी:

प्राचीन भारत में ही ऑपरेशन की कला का प्रदर्शन किया गया। जटिल से जटिल ऑपरेशनों को किया गया। इन सभी ऑपरेशनों को एक आश्चर्य के रूप में नहीं लिया जाना चाहिए क्यूंकी सर्जरी, प्राचीन भारतीय चिकित्सा पद्धति (आयुर्वेद) की आठ शाखाओं में से एक है। सर्जरी के क्षेत्र का सबसे प्राचीन ग्रंथ सुश्रुत संहिता (सुश्रुत संग्रह) है।

सुश्रुत जो काशी में रहते थे, कई भारतीय चिकित्सकों जैसे अत्रि और चरक में से एक थे। उन्होनें सबसे पहले मानव शरीर रचना विज्ञान (Human Anatomy) का अध्ययन किया था। सुश्रुत संहिता में, उन्होनें शरीर रचना विज्ञान के अध्ययन को एक मृत शरीर की सहायता से विस्तार के साथ वर्णित किया है। सुश्रुत को नासासंधान/राइनोंप्लासी (नाक की प्लास्टिक सर्जरी) और नेत्र विज्ञान (मोतियाबिंद के निष्कासन) में दक्षता प्राप्त थी। सुश्रुत ने सर्जरी (शल्य चिकित्सा) में आठ प्रकार की शल्य क्रियाएं का वर्णन किया है: छेद्य (छेदन हेतु), भेद्य (भेदन हेतु), लेख्य (अलग करने हेतु), वेध्य (शरीर में हानिकारक द्रव्य निकालने के लिए), ऐष्य (नाड़ी में घाव ढूंढने के लिए), अहार्य (हानिकारक उत्पत्तियों को निकालने के लिए), विश्रव्य (द्रव निकालने के लिए), सीव्य (घाव सिलने के लिए)।

योग शारीरिक और मानसिक पोषण के लिए व्यायाम की एक प्रणाली है। योग का मूल पुरातनता और रहस्य में डूबा हुआ है। वैदिक काल के समय हजारों साल पहले योग के सिद्धांतों और अभ्यास का संघनन हुआ था लेकिन 200 ई॰पू॰ के आसपास योग की सभी बुनियादी बातों को ‘पतंजलि’ द्वारा अपने ग्रंथ “योगसूत्र” में एकत्र किया गया था। पतंजलि ने सर्वप्रथम अनुमान लगाया था कि योग के अभ्यास के माध्यम से शरीर और मन को एक स्वास्थ्यप्रद बनाया जा सकता है। आधुनिक चिकित्सकों का भी मानना है कि उच्च रक्तचाप, अवसाद, भूलने की बीमारी, अम्लता सहित कई बीमारियों को योग के द्वारा नियंत्रण इया जा सकता है। भौतिक चिकित्सा में भी योग के सिद्धांतों को सम्मान और स्वीकृति मिल रही है।

प्राचीन भारत की चिकित्सा व्यवस्था इतनी उन्नत थी की इंग्लैंड की ‘रॉयल सोसाइटी ऑफ सर्जन’ अपने इतिहास में लिखते हैं की “हमने सर्जरी भारत से सीखी है और उसके बाद पूरे यूरोप को हमने ये सर्जरी सिखायी है।” अंग्रेजों के आने से पहले के भारत के सर्जन या वैद्य कितने योग्य थे इसका अनुमान एक घटना से हो जाता है। सन १७८१ में कर्नल कूट ने हैदर अली पर आक्रमण किया और उससे हार गया। हैदर अली ने कर्नल कूट को मारने के बजाय उसकी नाक काट कर उसे भगा दिया. भागते, भटकते कूट बेलगाँव नामक स्थान पर पहुंचा तो एक नाई सर्जन को उस पर दया आ गई। उसने कूट की नई नाक कुछ ही दिनों में बना दी। हैरान हुआ कर्नल कूट ब्रिटिश पार्लियामेंट में गया और उसने सबने अपनी नाक दिखा कर बताया कि मेरी कटी नाक किस प्रकार एक भारतीय सर्जन ने बनाई है। नाक कटने का कोई निशान तक नहीं बचा था। उस समय तक दुनिया को प्लास्टिक सर्जरी की कोई जानकारी नहीं थी। तब इंग्लॅण्ड के चिकित्सक उसी भारतीय सर्जन के पास आये और उससे शल्य चिकित्सा, प्लास्टिक सर्जरी सीखी। उसके बाद उन अंग्रेजों के द्वारा यूरोप में यह प्लास्टिक सर्ज

www.vedicresearchfoundation.org/surgery-technology/

Invention of Binary system in Ancient India by Pingala Rishi

 Article, Science -  Ancient mathematics, Binary system of mathematics history, gandit, Hindu mathematics -  December 16, 2013

http://www.vedicresearchfoundation.org/binary-system/

Binary numbers form the basis for the operation of computers. Binary numbers were discovered in the west by German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz in 1695. However, new evidence proves that binary numbers were used in India prior to 4 BC, more than 2000 years before their discovery in the west.

The source of this discovery is a text of music by Pingala named “Chhandahshastra” meaning science of meters. This text falls under the category of “Sutra” or aphorismic statements. Detailed discussions of these short but profound statements are found in later commentaries. “Chhandahshastra” can be conservatively dated to atleast 4 BC. The full significance of Pingala’s work can be understood by the explanations found in these three commentaries.

Pingala (Chhandahshastra 8.23) describes the formation of a matrix in order to give a unique value to each meter. An example of such a matrix is as follows:

0 0 0 0 numerical value 1

1 0 0 0 numerical value 2

0 1 0 0 numerical value 3

1 1 0 0 numerical value 4

0 0 1 0 numerical value 5

1 0 1 0 numerical value 6

0 1 1 0 numerical value 7

1 1 1 0 numerical value 8

0 0 0 1 numerical value 9

1 0 0 1 numerical value 10

0 1 0 1 numerical value 11

1 1 0 1 numerical value 12

0 0 1 1 numerical value 13

1 0 1 1 numerical value 14

0 1 1 1 numerical value 15

1 1 1 1 numerical value 16

Following comments are in order:

1. Pingala’s system of binary numbers starts with number one (and not zero). The numerical value is obtained by adding one to the sum of place values.

2. In Pingala’s system the place value increases to the right, unlike the modern notation in which it increases towards the left. This also proves that these two systems developed independently.

Pingala (Chhandahshastra 8.24-25) also describes how to find the binary equivalent of a decimal number. The procedure is as follows:

1. Divide the number by two. If divisible write 1, else write 0 on ground.

2. If first division yielded 1, divide again by two. If divisible write 1, else write 0 to the right of first 1.

3. If first division yielded 0, add one to the remaining number and divide by two. If divisible write 1, else write 0 to the right of first 0.

4. Continue this procedure till you get zero as the remaining number.

To illustrate this procedure let us find the binary equivalent of number 108.

Step 1: Divide by two. Divisible, so write 1. Remaining number is 54.

1

Step 2: Divide number 54 by 2. Divisible, so write 1 next to first 1. Remaining number is 27.

1 1

Step 3: Divide 27 by 2. Indivisible, so write 0 to the right. Add 1 to 27 and divide by 2. Remaining number is 14.

1 1 0

Step 4: Divide 14 by 2. Divisible, so write 1 to the right. Remaining number is 7.

1 1 0 1

Step 5: Divide 7 by 2. Indivisible, so write 0 to the right. Add 1 to 7 and divide by two. Remaining number is 4.

1 1 0 1 0

Step 6: Divide 4 by 2. Divisible, so write 1 to the right. Remaining number is 2.

1 1 0 1 0 1

Step 7: Divide 2 by 2. Divisible, so write 1 to the right. Remaining number is 0. So procedure terminates.

1 1 0 1 0 1 1

Now we can check that this number does represent 108 in Pingala’s system. Taking the sum of place values we get 107 (1*1 + 1*2 + 0*4 + 1*8 + 0*16 + 1*32 + 1*64). Adding 1 to this sum, we get 108, the number we started with.

Pingal rishi, the inventor of Binary system

COLOURS & TEXTURES

COLOURS OF VASTU

http://www.nerolac.com/low/decorative/coloursofvastu

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

• The students should face the East or North while studying.
• The main library should be located in the West or NW and students should sit facing the NE direction.
• The laboratories should be located in the SE while the gymkhana and other recreational facilities should be in the NW.  
• It is beneficial to colour the walls in Satvic colours as they enhance concentration. 
• The recreational facilities, on the other hand, could be painted in bolder shades. 
• The other colours that can be used can be divided into Tamasic, Satvic and Rajasic colours.
• Tamasic colours are inert and include dark shades, giving an illusion of solidity, depth and weight.
• Satvic colours are cooler and lighter and facilitate concentration and relaxation.
• Rajasic colours are bright and fiery and thought to increase energy.

Subhash Kak: Archaeology of Mind / History of Science

Subhash Kak: Archaeology of Mind / History of Science

http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/hist.html

Subhash Kak
Donald C. & Elaine T. Delaune Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering
and Professor in the Asian Studies and Cognitive Science Programs
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A.
Tel: (225) 578-5552 (Office); Fax: 225-578-5200

BOOKS PUBLISHED

ArXiv papers on history of science and quantum theory.

Anubhuti: Dishantar.

PBS debate on Soul of India.

Rediff commentary.

Sulekha essays.

The Rediff interview.


Science and Spirituality. Dutch Public TV OHM show, November 2004, in streaming video (5% Dutch, 95% English).


Havan in Cosmic Perspective. Dutch Public TV OHM show, April 2005, in streaming video (5% Dutch, 95% English).


Recursionism and Reality. 2005.


Art and Cosmology in India. Patanjali Lecture, Univ of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, May 5, 2006.


The axis and the perimeter of the temple. Sangama, November 2005.


Early art and architecture. Migration and Diffusion -- An international journal. vol 6, 2005, pp. 6-27.


The Vedic Gods of Japan. August 2004.


Indian Physics: Outline of Early History. Physics Archive, 2003.


Greek and Indian Cosmology: Review of Early History. In "The Golden Chain" G.C. Pande (editor), CRC, 2005.


Akhenaten, Surya, and the Rigveda. in "The Golden Chain" G.C. Pande (editor), CRC, 2005.


The Vedic Religion in pre-Zoroastrian Persia., Adyar Library Bulletin, vol. 67, pps. 47-63, 2003.


Babylonian and Indian Astronomy. Physics Archive, Jan 2003, also in "The Golden Chain" G.C. Pande (editor), 2005.


The Mahabharata and the Sindhu-Sarasvati Tradition. Louisiana State University, June 2003, In "Perspectives in Vedic-Harappan Relationships" Ashvini Agrawal (editor), 2004.


Early Indian music. In "A Search in Asia for a New Theory of Music," Jose S. Buenconsejo (editor), Center for Ethnomusicology, Univ of Philippines, 2003; pages 59-76.


Space and cosmology in the temple. Vaastu Kaushal, International Symposium on Science and Technology in Ancient Indian Monuments. New Delhi, Nov 16-17, 2002.


The Indian epic song tradition. The 7th International Conference and Festival of Asian Music. Busan, Korea, Sept 26-30, 2002.

Articles on Indian culture, science, and history in Scribner's Encyc. of India (18 articles), Encyclopaedia of Biography for Astronomers, Continuum Encyclopaedia of the Popular Music of the World (3 articles on music of Jammu and Kashmir), Grolier Encycl. (mathematics), Macmillan Encycl. of Science, Technology, and Ethics, Kluwer Encyclopaedia on Non-Western Science (mathematics, astronomy, inoculation).

The Wonder That Was Kashmir. In "Kashmir and its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society." M.K. Kaw (ed.), A.P.H., New Delhi, 2004. ISBN 81-7648-537-3.


India: A Bridge to the Future. World Affairs, Vol. 6, January-March 2002, pages 96-105.


The idea of 22 shrutis. Sandhan, vol. 1, pp. 69-79, 2001.



The gods within: on the Vedic understanding of mind and neuroscience, The Adyar Library Bulletin, vol. 64, 2000, pp. 7-55.



Time, space, and astronomy in Angkor Wat. In Science and Civilization in Ancient India, vol2, G.C. Pande (ed.). Centre for Studies in Civilizations, New Delhi, 2002.


History of Science in India. Grolier Encyclopaedia, 2000.


Birth and Early Development of Indian Astronomy. In a book on "Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy", Helaine Selin (editor), Kluwer Academic, Boston, 2000, pp. 303-340. This book is in the Kluwer Series on "Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science"


yamatarajabhanasalagam, an interesting combinatoric sutra. Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 35, 2000, pp. 123-127.


Indian binary numbers and the Katapayadi notation. Annals of the BORI, vol. 81, 2000, pp. 269-272.


Book review of ``Ka'' by Roberto Calasso (Knopf, New York 1998), in IndiaStar Literary Magazine, 1999.


The solar equation in Angkor Wat. Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 34, 1999, pp. 117-126.


A chronological framework for Indian culture. Journal of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research. 2000, pp. 1-24.

Indic language families and Indo-European. Yavanika. no. 6, 1996, pp. 51-64.
A Brahmanic fire altar explains a solar equation in Angkor Wat.
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. vol. 93, 1999, pp. 216-220. (with Graham Millar)


Mind, immortality, and art. Chapter in Mind, Man and Mask, edited by S.C. Malik, Aryan International, Delhi, 2001, pp. 16-27.


Indic ideas in the Graeco-Roman world. Indian Historical Review, 1999. Also in  IndiaStar Literary Magazine, 1998.


Vaisnava metaphysics or a science of consciousness. Prachya Pratibha, vol. 19, 1997-8, pp. 113-141.


Astronomy and its role in Vedic culture. Chapter 23 in Science and Civilization in India, Vol. 1, The Dawn of Indian Civilization, Part 1, edited by G.C. Pande, ICPR/Centre for Studies in Civilizations, New Delhi, 2000, pp. 507-524.



Physical concepts in Samkhya and Vaisesika. Chapter in Science and Civilization in India, Vol. 1, Part 2, Life, Thought and Culture in India (from c 600 BC to c AD 300), edited by G.C. Pande, ICPR/Centre for Studies in Civilizations, New Delhi, 2001, pp. 413-437.



The development of astronomy from Vedanga Jyotisa to Aryabhata. Chapter in Science and Civilization in India, Vol. 1, Part 2, Life, Thought and Culture in India, edited by G.C. Pande,
ICPR/Centre for Studies in Civilizations, New Delhi, 2001, pp. 866-885.



Science in ancient India. In S. Sridhar and N. Mattoo (eds.), Ananya: A Portrait of India, AIA: New York, 1997, pp. 399-420.


Archaeoastronomy and literature. Current Science, vol. 73, No. 7, 10 October 1997, pp. 624-627.


Consciousness and freedom according to the SivaSutra. Prachya Pratibha, vol. 19, 1997-8, pp. 233-248.


The orbit of the sun in the Brahmanas. IJHS, vol. 33, 1998, pp. 175-191.


On the science of consciousness in ancient India. Indian Journal of History of Science,  vol. 32, 1997, pp. 105-120.

Book review of ``Kashmir in the Crossfire'' by Victoria Schofield (I. Taures, 1996), in IndiaStar Literary Magazine, 1997.

Book review of ``Nehru: A tryst with destiny'' by Stanley Wolpert (Oxford Univ Press, 1996), in IndiaStar Literary Magazine, 1997.

Book review of ``Empire of the Soul: Some journeys in India'' by Paul William Roberts (Riverhead Books, 1996), in IndiaStar Literary Magazine, 1997.

A thousand cows standing one above the other. Article in IndiaStar Literary Magazine, 1997.

Three old Indian values of pi. IJHS. vol 32, 1997, 307-314.

Vena, Veda, Venus. Adyar Library Bulletin, vol. 60, 1996, pp. 229-239. Also in IJHS, vol 33, 1998, pp. 25-30.
Book review of ``Classifying the Universe'' by Brian K. Smith, Contributions to Indian Sociology (n.s.), vol. 30, 1996, pp. 333-334.

Knowledge of planets in the third millennium BC. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 37,  1996, pp. 709-715.

An Indus-Sarasvati signboard. Cryptologia, vol. 20, 1996, pp. 275-279.

Mexican dilemmas. World Affairs, vol. 5(1), June 1996, pp. 53-56.
Book review of ``Indian Mathematics and Astronomy: Some Landmarks'' by S. Balachandra Rao, Journal for the History of Astronomy, 1996.


A note on caste. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. 77, 1996, pp. 235-240.



The astronomy of the age of geometric altars. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 36,  1995, pp. 385-396.

Technology, commerce and international relations. World Affairs, vol. 4(1), June 1995, pp. 85-88.



From Vedic science to Vedanta. The Adyar Library Bulletin, vol. 59, 1995, pp. 1-36. An abridged version appeared in Srijnanamrtam, A Memorial Volume in Honour of Prof Shri Niwas Shastri, Vijaya Rani (editor), Parimal Publications, Delhi, 1996, pp. 553-568.


The evolution of writing in India. Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 28, 1994, pp. 375-388.
The Astronomical Code of the Rigveda,  Current Science, vol. 66, 1994, pp. 323-326.

The Astronomical Code of the Rigveda, Puratattva: Bulletin of the Indian Archaeological Society, Number 25, 1994/5, 1-20.

On the classification of Indic languages, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. 75, 1994, pp. 185-195.

Astronomy of the Vedic altars,  Vistas in Astronomy, vol. 36, 1993, pp. 117-140.
The structure of the Rgveda, Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 28, 1993, pp. 71-79.
Planetary periods from the Rigvedic code,  Mankind Quarterly, vol. 33, 1993, pp. 433-442.

Book Review:  ``The Interpretation of Caste''  by Declan Quigley, The Times of India , December 12, 1993.

Understanding caste in India, Mankind Quarterly, vol. 34, 1993, pp. 117-123.
Kashmir, Sarasvati, and the floods in Mohenjo-Daro. Journal of the Oriental Institute, vol 43, 1993, pp. 1-5.

Further observations on the Rigvedic code,  Mankind Quarterly, vol. 33, 1992, pp. 163-170. [with David Frawley]
The etymology of Vahiguru,  Journal of the Oriental Institute, vol. 42, 1992, page 63.

Panini's grammar and computer science,  ABORI, vol. 72, 1993, pp. 79-94. [With Saroja Bhate]

The Poplar and the Chinar: Kashmir in a historical outline,
Journal of Commonwealth and Postcolonial Studies, vol. 1, No. 1, 1993, pp. 73-91. Also in International Journal of Indian Studies, vol. 3, No. 2, 1993, pp. 33-61.
Astronomy in Satapatha Brahmana, Indian Journal of History of Science, vol 28, 1993, pp. 15-34.


The Indus tradition and the Indo-Aryans.  Mankind Quarterly, vol. 32, 1992, pp. 195-213.
The Indus Mandala and the Indo-Aryans, In  New Trends in Indian Art and Archaeology ---Dr S.R. Rao's 70th Birthday Felicitation Volume, B.U. Nayak and N.C. Ghosh (Editors), Aditya Prakashan, Delhi, 1992, pp. 141-154.
A new view of ancient India,  Yoga Journal, Number 105, 1992, pp. 64-102. [with Georg Feuerstein and David Frawley]
Astronomy in the Vedic altars and the Rgveda,  Mankind Quarterly, vol. 33, 1992, pp. 43-55.

The politics of quotas in South Asia, Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies,  vol. 16, 1991, pp. 401-421.
The controversy of the honey bee dance language, Mankind Quarterly, vol. 31, 1991, pp. 357-365.
Japan ki haiku kavita, Kadambini,  vol. 30, no. 2, 1990.
The Vararuchi cipher, Cryptologia,  vol. 14, 1990, pp. 79-83.
Book Review of "Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins" by Colin Renfrew, Indian J. History of Science, vol. 25, 1990, pp. 201-202.
Indus and Brahmi: further connections, Cryptologia, vol. 14, 1990, pp. 169-183.
,
The sign for zero, Mankind Quarterly, vol. 30, 1990, pp. 199-204.
Religion and politics in East Punjab, Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, vol. 15, 1990, pp. 435-456.
Kalidasa and the Agnimitra problem, J. of the Oriental Institute, vol 40, 1990, 51-54.
Some early codes and ciphers, Indian J. History of Science, vol. 24, 1989, pp. 1-7.
The Brahmagupta algorithm for square rooting, Ganita Bharati, vol 11, 1989, pp. 27-29.
Bharatiya lekhana ke 5000 varsa, Kadambini, vol. 29, no. 6, 1989.
Panjab or Panchap, Kadambini, vol. 29, no. 9, 1989, pp. 137-140.

Indus writing, Mankind Quarterly, vol. 30, 1989, pp. 113-118.
 
The Aryabhata cipher, Cryptologia, vol. 12, 1988, pp. 113-117.

,
A frequency analysis of the Indus script, Cryptologia, vol. 12, 1988, 129-143.
 
The lotus and the rainbow, India Intl. Centre Quarterly, vol. 15, No. 3, 1988, pp. 9-20.
 
The use of determinatives in NLP, AI Magazine, vol. 9, pp. 10-12, Summer 1988.

The Paninian approach to natural language processing, Int. Journal of Approximate Reasoning, vol. 1, 1987, 117-130.
 
The study of the Indus script, Cryptologia, vol. 11, 1987, pp. 182-191.
 
On the decipherment of the Indus script, Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 22, 1987, pp. 41-62.
On astronomy in ancient India, Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 22, 1987, pp. 205-221.
On chronology of ancient India, Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 22, 1987, pp. 222-234.


Computational aspects of the Aryabhata algorithm, Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 21, 1986, pp. 62-71.
 
The roots of science in India, India International Centre Quarterlyvol. 13, 1986, pp. 181-196.


Asia's two butterfly syndromes. Asia Times, May 3, 2005.


Thanks, but no thanks, to Empire. Asia Times, June 10, 2005.
 


Prajna Sutra. In Sanskrit.


Garbha Upanishad. In Sanskrit, with translation and commentary.
 


Home page.

S. Kak

Articles by other scholars

Space, Time and Anu in Vaisheshika by Roopa Narayan, 2007. 

bhrigu samhita

 Bhrigu-Samhita: An ancient manuscript with medical matters of interest
The debate on the inclusion of astrology,
as a science subject, has been quite
acrimonious and at times sanctimonious
too. This is evident in several issues of
Current Science, other technical and lay
publications and in the media. A good
spin-off is the distinct polarization in the
academia and the vocal expression of the
partisan views. Indeed, such a debate
should have been first invited by the
UGC, before the decision. Controversy
and an evidence-based debate amongst
the ‘experts’ is the soul of science and
technology. And the eventual consensus
and the majority decision are then based
on information, data and the level of
contended knowledge.

Unfortunately, we still continue to be
Lord Macaulay’s educational products.
We have not yet revolutionized our
memory-loaded learning into conceptbased
education. Hence, barring a few
exceptions, most of us have no roots in the
Indian scientific traditions, languages and
age-old knowledge base. We have been
raised on a myth that science is universal
and not culturally conditioned. Some of us
who have attempted to study transcultural
aspects of science know better.


During my study for M.D. (Medicine),
I wrote a thesis on ‘The medical aspects
of Bhrigu-Samhita’ in 1963. It was a comparative
study in the history of medicine.
I invited the wrath of my examiners and
the thesis was rejected because it was on
‘Ayurveda’! But what interested me more
in Bhrigu-Samhita were the remarkable
medical descriptions in Sanskrit, on the
circulation of blood, cancer, embolism,
etc. I have cited some of these excerpts
from the manuscript below:

·  ‘The windpipe must be healthy for the
movement of pure and impure air to
and fro from the lungs. The lungs, in
turn, supply the heart with the purified
blood. Then the heart circulates
the blood to the entire body rather
rapidly.’ It is quite a statement in
an old Sanskrit manuscript (Bhrigu R
II/6: 8–9) (circa 3000 B.C. – Bhrigu
Rishi).

·  ‘If at times, due to whatever reasons,
impure blood, a blood clot, or a piece
of fat were to move into the heart,
during circulation, this can jeopardize
the heart.’ (Bhrigu R II/7: 5–6)


·  ‘The germ can also move into the
bones or the seat of the heart. The
disease is called by the name – Kshaya
Roga – The germs are so virulent that
via breath a rapid spread can occur
from one person to another.’ (Bhrigu
R III/20: 5–7)

·  ‘At times even the heart will be
replaced. Such devices exist in
India . . . Indian scientists of a high
calibre will one day replace even liver
or spleen, in future.’ (Bhrigu R II/10:
1–4).


·  ‘Occasionally, diabetics would benefit
especially from treatment that is
carried out after proper urine examination.
There can be help in other
diseases too by a careful urine
examination.’ (Bhrigu R IV/31: 6–8)

There is an urgent need to salvage
many of our ancient manuscripts of
medicine, astrology, philosophy, etc. We
must conduct 14C-dating to determine the
period of the palm-leaf and other
manuscripts. But the time has come to
look seriously at our heritage in sciences
and humanities, without any ancestral
vain-glory or an outright rejection because,
something does not fit into the western
reductionist world-view.


ASHOK D. B. VAIDYA
Bhavan’s S.P.A.R.C,
13th North South Road,
JVPD, Juhu,
Mumbai 400 049, India
e-mail: avaidya@bom5.vsnl.net.in
Politeness or fear of dissenting?
P. Balaram’s editorials are always
original, interesting, provocative and
elegantly written. Unfortunately, they
do not appear to attract sufficient
discussion, despite the fact that such
discussions would greatly enhance
their value. Though I am an avid
reader of these editorials, I have been
remiss in not reacting to them even
when I have felt the urge. I would now
like to make amends by commenting
on the editorial The importance of
being impolite (Curr. Sci., 80, 1245–
1246).



The editorial starts with J. B. S.
Haldane’s conclusion that ‘science in
India is developing with disappointing
slowness . . . because Indians . . . are too
polite’. Without going into an expatriate’s
conclusion almost half a century
ago, the point is that Haldane has attributed
to politeness the failure of Indian
scientists to voice criticisms of the work
of their senior colleagues and their silence,
even when they differ. Being a
fearless person himself, Haldane did not
think of ascribing the silence to fear of
having to pay the price of dissent (impediments
to career advancement, loss of
funding, privileges and perks, etc.). Most
Indian scientists ‘are polite about one
another’s work’ because they are afraid
of being critical. This fear is an inevitable
consequence of an environment in which
dissent is strongly discouraged and ‘constructive
criticism and debate on science’
is virtually absent.
It is only when there is no fear of dissenting
that the question arises of how to
express the dissent. And can one recommend
anything other than the most courteous
and civilized forms of expression?
Haldane argued that there was a ‘choice
between politeness and efficiency’;
instead I submit that there is firstly a
choice between silence and efficiency
and then a choice between politeness and
rudeness. Balaram, therefore, should not
have emphasized ‘The importance of
being impolite’; he should have stressed
‘The importance of polite dissent’, where
dissent is warranted and required.
Hence, it is not politeness that is a
major impediment to the advance of science,
but the absence of debate, criticism
and dissent. For Indian science to flourish,
what is required is a community of
interacting scientists with the wellestablished
traditions of a peer system.
Without the environment of an actively
interacting scientific community, there
cannot be the natural selection of scientific
ideas and data, which alone will
ensure that the fittest theories and
experiments survive. Natural selection of
ideas implies competition and diversity.



CORRESPONDENCE
CORRESPONDENCE
736 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 81, NO. 7, 10 OCTOBER 2001
It cannot arise if there is a monoculture
of views. Truth cannot emerge and science
cannot advance if there is an
absence and/or exclusion of dissent. The
standard way of avoiding genuine controversy
and peer review is to exclude
unorthodox views from seminars, committees,
journals and other forums
(including the peer-reviewing process).
Underlying all this violation of the scientific
tradition and its codes of behaviour
is the fact, ‘he who pays the piper, calls
the tune’. Government and quasigovernment
sources are responsible for
the overwhelming share of science funding,
so that scientific activity depends
strongly on this funding, and almost all
scientists are on the government pay-roll
or perk-roll. There are also a number of
cash-carrying prizes and awards which
act as further inducements to conform,
rather than dissent.
The nuclear tests exposed this weakness
of Indian science. Faced with a
complexity of issues raised by the tests, it
would have been natural for the body
of intelligent and creative scientists to
develop a spectrum of views. Instead, the
virtually unanimous euphoria was astonishing.
Since, it is statistically unlikely
that almost the whole body of scientists
had independently arrived at a single
view, one cannot help suspecting that it
was the fear of dissenting that explained
the ‘unanimity’.
AMULYA K. N. REDDY
7/12 Palace Cross Road,
Bangalore 560 020, India

hurun top

, 15 January 2013) The Hurun Research Institute today released the Hurun Report Chinese Luxury Consumer Survey 2013. The survey reveals the lifestyle and brand preferences of China's wealthy consumers, and is intended to provide a holistic understanding of the spending habits and lifestyle changes of this burgeoning, influential and ever-changing consumer class. This year the survey included questions for the first time on the ‘happiness index’ of these wealthy consumers. http://www.hurun.net/usen/BOB.aspx?nid=3

Jewelry/Watch/Fashion Label

Best of the Best

Best Brand for Gifting by Men	Louis Vuitton
Best Brand for Gifting by Women	Chanel
Best Jewelry	Cartier
Best Luxury Writing Instrument	Montblanc
Best Overall Watch	Patek Philippe
Best Watch with High Complications	Patek Philippe
Best Jewelry Watch	Cartier
Best Fashion Label For Men	Giorgio Armani
Best Fashion Label For Women	Chanel
Best Luxury Childrenswear	Burberry
Best Accessory for Men	Hermès
Best Accessory for Women	Hermès
Best Hat	Elisabeth Koch
Best Skincare Product for Men	Biotherm
Best Skincare Product for Women	Estée?Lauder

Star performer

Brand for Gifting Star Performer	Gucci
Jewlery Star Performer	Wellendorff
Overall Watch Star Performer	Jaeger-Le Coultre
Watch with High Complications Star Performer	Blancpain
Fashion Label For Men Star Performer	Zegna
Accessory for Men Star Performer	Gucci
Skincare Product for Men Star Performer	L'Oreal
Skincare Product for Women Star Performer	Helena Rubinstein

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Jewlery Best New Arrival	Boucheron Quatre Black Edition
Overall Watch Best New Arrival	Ball for BMW Power Reserve

Cars

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Best Super Luxury Car For Business	Rolls-Royce Phantom
Best Super Luxury Car for Self-Drive	Maserati GranTurismo
Best Luxury Sedan	Audi A8L
Best Luxury Coupe	Benz CLS
Best Luxury SUV	Audi Q7
Best Super Luxury SUV	Porsche Cayenne
Best Luxury All-terrain SUV	Land Rover-Range Rover
Best Executive Car	Audi A6L
Best Super Luxury Performance Car	Aston Martin DB9
Best MPV	Benz Viano
Best Celebrity Motor Homes	GMC
Best Electric Luxury Performance Car	Fisker Karma

Star performer

Luxury Sedan Star Performer	Jaguar XJ
Luxury SUV Star Performer	VW Touareg
Executive Car Star Performer	BMW 5 Series

Best New Arrival

Luxury Coupe Best New Arrival	Bentley Continental GTC
Luxury SUV Best New Arrival	Land Rover-Evoque
Luxury Performance Car Best New Arrival	Porsche Boxster
Super Luxury Sports Car Best New Arrival	Ferrari F12Berlinetta
Limited Released Car Best New Arrival	Year of the Dragon Ferrari 458 Italia

Yacht

Best of the Best

Best Luxury Yacht Brand	Sunseeker
Best?Motor Yacht Over 40m.	Heesen (44m.)
Best Motor Yacht Over 30m.	Azimut Grande 120 (35m.)
Best Motor Yacht Under 30m.	Sunseeker (28m.)
Best Motor Open Cruiser Under 20m.	Riva Virtus (19m.)
Best Motor Open Cruiser Under 15m.	Fairline Targa 48 Open (14.8m.)
Best Production Motor Yacht 30m. Class	Princess (32m.)
Best Production Motor Yacht 20m. Class	Marquis 720 Tri-Deck (22m.)
Best Production Motor Yacht Under 20m.	Ferretti 620, (19m.)?
Best Global Sailing Yacht Brand	Beneteau

Business Jet

Best of the Best

Best Business Jet Brand	Gulfstream
Best Private Jet Operator	Deer Jet
Best Jet Financier	Minsheng Financial Leasing
Best Helicopter	Eurocopter

Star performer

Large-Size Business Jet Star Performer	Embraer Legacy 650
Ultra Long Range Business Jet Star Performer	Dassault Falcon 7x
Long Range Business Jet Star Performer	Bombardier Global 6000
Private Jet Operator Star Performer	Nanshan Group

Best New Arrival

Ultra Large Business Jet Best New Arrival	Gulfstream G650
Mid-Size Business Jet Best New Arrival	Dassault Falcon 2000s
Small-Size Business Jet Best New Arrival	Piaggio P180
Medium Range Business Jet Best New Arrival	Cessna Citation X
Business Jet Club Best New Arrival	Freesky Aviation
Private Jet Charter Best New Arrival	Travcon Golden Eagle International

Alcohol/Tobacco

Best of the Best

Best Premium Imported Spirits Brand	Louis XIII
Best Premium Whiskey	Royal Salute
Best Single Malt Whiskey	Macallan
Best Luxury Cognac	Louis XIII
Best X.O Cognac	Hennessy XO
Best Chinese Spirits	Moutai
Best Premium Champagne Brand	Perrier-Jou?t
Best Premium Wine	Chateau Lafite Rothschild
Best Premium Cigarette	Chunghwa
Best Cigar Brand	Davidoff

Star performer

Premium Imported Spirits Brand Star Performer	Johnnie Walker
X.O Cognac Star Performer	Martell XO
Premium Chinese Spirits Star Performer	Swellfun
Premium Champagne Star Performer	Moet & Chandon
Red Wine Star Performer	Ningxia Xi Xia King
Domestic Wine Star Performer	Dynasty
Luxury Cigar Star Performer	Cohiba
Premium Cigarette Star Performer	Shuangxi · Nature's Reserve

Best New Arrival

Premium Imported Spirits Best New Arrival	Marquis de Montesquiou
Premium Whiskey Best New Arrival	John Walker & Sons Odyssey
Premium Cognac Best New Arrival	Martell Chanteloup Perspective
Ultra Premium Champagne Best New Arrival	Luxor
Fine Wine Best New Arrival	Yao Ming
Global High Quality Wine Producing Area Best New Arrival	Ningxia Helan Mountain East Foot

Financial Service/Auction House/Education

Best of the Best

Best Domestic Private Bank	China Merchants Bank
Best Offshore Private Bank For Ultra High Net Worths (US$25m+)	UBS
Best Foreign Bank for Personal Banking	HSBC
Best Credit Card Issuing Bank	China Merchants Bank
Best International Credit Card	Visa
Best Independent Financial Adviser	Noah Wealth Management
Best International Auction House	Christie's
Best Domestic Auction House	China Guardian Auction
Best Executive MBA Programme	CEIBS
Best Global CEO Programme	Cheung Kong GSB
Best UK Education Service Provider	BE Education

Star performer

Offshore Private Bank Star Performer	Citi
Regional Commercial Bank Private Banking Star Performer	Bank of Qingdao

Best New Arrival

Clubs

Best of the Best

Best Private Club in China	Chang'an Club
Best Private Club in Shanghai	The Roosevelt Club
Best Private Club in Beijing	Hong Kong Jockey Club Beijing Clubhouse
Best Private Club in Sichuan	China Club
Best Private Club in Hangzhou	Jiangnan Club
Best Shanghai Modern-Day Members Club	M1NT
Best Shanghai Pudong Club	Shile
Best Golf Club	Spring City Golf & Lake Resort
Best Golf Club in Shanghai	Sheshan International Golf Club
Best Golf Club in Zhejiang	Fuchun Resort
Best Golf Club in Beijing	Pine Valley Golf Club
Best Golf Club in Haikou	Mission Hills

Star performer

Private Club in Beijing Star Performer	J&E Mansion
Private Club in Shanghai Star Performer	Kee Club
Golf Club in Shanghai Star Performer	Lake Malaren Golf Club Shanghai

Best New Arrival

Private Club in Beijing Best New Arrival	Trilateral Club
Private Club in Tibet Best New Arrival	China Club Lhasa
Private Club in Central China Best New Arrival	Zhong Yuan Club (Henan, Zhengzhou)

Travel

Best of the Best

Best Luxury Hotel Brand	Shangri-La
Best Hotel in Chengdu	The Shangri-La Chengdu
Best Sanya Hotel	The Ritz-Carlton Sanya
Best Shanghai Hotel	The Peninsula Shanghai
Best Beijing Hotel	The Park Hyatt Beijing
Best Spa Brand	Banyan Tree Spa
Best Celebrity Japanese Cuisine (Beijing)	Nobu
Best Hangzhou Outside Catering Services	Hyatt Regency Hangzhou
Best Domestic Business / First Class	Air China
Best International Business / First Class	Singapore Airlines
Best International Luxury Destination	France
Best Asia Luxury Destination	Singapore
Best Domestic Luxury Destination	Sanya

Star performer

Luxury Hotel Brand Star Performer	Hilton
Shanghai Hotel Star Performer	The Ritz-Carlton Shanghai, Pudong
Hangzhou Hotel Star Performer	Four Seasons Hotel Hangzhou at West Lake
Beijing Hotel Star Performer	Kerry Hotel Beijing
Tianjin Hotel Star Performer	The St. Regis Tianjin
Boutique Hotel in Jiangsu Star Performer	Regalia Resort & Spa
Resort Brand Star Performer	Club Med
International Airline Star Performer	Emirates
International Luxury Destination Star Performer	UK
Asia Luxury Destination Star Performer	Thailand

Best New Arrival

Private Museum Best New Arrival	Long Museum
Luxury Hotel Brand Best New Arrival	Wanda Hotels & Resorts
Shanghai Hotel Best New Arrival	Four Seasons Hotel Pudong Shanghai
Shanghai Boutique Hotel Best New Arrival	Twelve at Hengshan A Luxury Collection Hotel
Macao Hotel Best New Arrival	Conrad Macao, Cotai Central
Changsha Hotel Best New Arrival	Wanda Vista
Hotel in Yunnan Best New Arrival	Wyndham Grand Plaza Royale Colorful Yunnan Kunming
Guangzhou Hotel Best New Arrival	Guangzhou Four Seasons
Beijing Hotel Best New Arrival	Four Seasons Park Royal Hotel
Sanya Hotel Best New Arrival	Beauty Crown Hotel
Tianjin Boutique Hotel Best New Arrival	Tangla Hotel Tianjin
Qingdao Hotel Best New Arrival	Kempinski Hotel Qingdao
Spa Best New Arrival	Urban Retreat
Resort Around Shanghai Best New Arrival	Naked Stables Private Reserve
Luxury Resort Best New Arrival	Monbala Rain Forest Golf
Luxury Travel Agency Best New Arrival	HH Travel
Extra Large Airbus Best New Arrival	Singapore Airlines A380

Furniture

Best of the Best

Best Blackwood Furniture	Yundian
Best Luxury Kitchen Appliance	Miele
Best Piano	Steinway
Best Speaker	Bang & Olufsen
Best TV	Bang & Olufsen
Best Sofa	Natuzzi
Best Tabletop	Christofle

Star performer

Furniture Star Performer	RocheBobois
Luxury Kitchen Appliance Star Performer	Gaggenau
Luxury Bathroom Accessory Star Performer	Laufen
Mattress Star Performer	Simmons

Media

Best of the Best

Star performer

Social Networking Services Star Performer

WeChat

Electronic Products

Best of the Best

Best Luxury Mobile	Vertu
Best Camera	Canon

Others

Best of the Best

Best Dental Medical Service

JiaMei Dental

Star performer

Domestic Auction House in Beijing Star Performer	Gedeyingxiang
Cosmetic Dentistry Star Performer	GlamSmile

Best New Arrival

Luxury Oolong Tea Best New Arrival	Runyan Fine Oolong Tea
Super Luxury Development in Beijing Best New Arrival	Zhongrong Beijing Chang'an No.1
Private Member Medical Institution Best New Arrival	CiMing Checkup