relationship

TOI, Patna 3-6-06 Feminine Mythtique

Times of India , Patna 3-6-06           http://lamashree.org/misc_05_r1.htm Feminine Mythtique By Ambika Shukla Ho hum, here’s the umpteenth attempt by the umpteenth woman to explain what women really want, as if we were some kind of mutant species that had to have our strange noises and signals decoded. We’re actually not fooled. The longer men pretend they don’t understand, the longer they have an excuse to skip doing any of the things we want them to. Ignorance is bliss, right? I mean, did you know that when we ask you to put the toothpaste cap back on, it might actually mean what we mean, and not some Martian code for “make love to me quick”. It’s not that men don’t know, it’s just that they don’t want to know, or that they don’t want to admit to knowing. Women are less self-delusional. We know what men want. That’s why the makeup, the perfume, the lingerie, the gym, we’re not knocking ourselves out for nothing. We’re not fooling ourselves that it’s our charm or intelligence or baking skills that men want, we know pure and simple, it’s our bods. Wouldn’t it be wonderful if we could be all fat and floppy, walking around wide-eyed wondering what it was that men really wanted? Men on the other hand don’t do anything to brush up on fidelity or consideration, romance, humour, foreplay or any of the things we’ve been bleating on about for years. Of course, they know what we want; it’s just that the selfish sods don’t want to do anything about it. So they do the next best thing, they pretend to be all confused by the strangeness of the female. How can a guy be blamed when he doesn’t even know what makes her happy? It takes a nuclear scientist, naturally, to figure out that she might just appreciate a little time and interest, and a genius to understand that may be, she might not be thrilled by her partner sleeping with her best friend. But the poor chap couldn’t have fathomed that, could he? Party’s over, guys. Your cover’s blown. We know you know. So here for the last time is the list: Provide for us, amuse us and love us to bits. Simple. Make money, make honey. Your time starts now. Relationships-Teens find older men more attractive Teens find older men more attractive Times are changing, today’s teen girls have taken dating to a whole new level by dating older men. It’s far from new to see a girl who looks like she’s in the seventh or eighth grade with a boy who you can without doubt peg as a college student not just grads but post grads as well. Nowadays it seems like behind every successful man there is, not a woman but a very young girl. When it comes to this situation one has to wonder what the reason is and why exactly girls choose older men when they have boys their age.. Sixteen-year-old Andrea Sebastian, clearly says, “My boyfriend is in college, we met each other because my eldest sister is in the same college and we hit it off almost immediately. What drew me to him was his maturity, self confidence, and sense of humour apart from the fact that he is gorgeous. Most of my friends are jealous of him because their boyfriends don’t have a car as yet and when they go out they have to split the bills. They don’t get cards, flowers, perfumes, and so many presents from their boyfriends.” She also adds, “I’m almost a part of his family and I don’t see that happening if I was going out with a boy from school.” Andrea’s reason is almost universal and one of the main reasons why young girls prefer older men. Then there’s the status issue as well. A girl is considered very chic, cool and lucky if her boyfriend is years older than her because it means that there is something special about her or she wouldn’t have an older boyfriend. Veena Nair, 15, and very young as opposed to her boyfriend Siddharth who is 10 years older than her says, “Sid and me have been going out for six months now, I’ve known him a long time. We’ve never spoken about marriage and stuff simply because I know I have a long way to go and there are so many people to meet, new experiences in store for me so I don’t want to make any promises that will hurt him.” Another reason is the fact that older men have the money, time, maturity and everything else that a girl wants in a boyfriend. Going out with boys from their school and around the same age doesn’t seem exciting anymore. After all, all is fair in love and war! Deccan Chronicle 6-3-06

Georgia farms face Indian 'invasion'

Thousands of Punjabi farmers have bought land in distant Georgia lured by cheap prices, angering some locals. Felix Gaedtke and Gayatri Parameswaran Last Modified: 21 Feb 2013 11:33http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/02/201322081918452141.html

Ramandeep Singh Palhan bought 30 hectares of Georgian farmland on the cheap [Felix Gaedtke/Al Jazeera]

Samgori, Georgia - Larisa Maisuradze was astonished to see the sudden proliferation of foreigners driving farm machinery near her sleepy village, about 25 kilometres south of the Georgian capital, Tbilisi. Her home is sandwiched between the lone street that runs through the small village of Samgori on one side, and a vast tract of underutilised farmland on the other. "I didn't know what was going on, I was so surprised," Maisuradze recounted on a recent afternoon. "There were all these Indian farmers driving tractors here." Maisuradze said the unusual scene from that day months ago are etched in her memory, as she never imagined she'd have so many neighbours from a land so far away. The Indians Maisuradze witnessed that day were the first wave of many who have come to Georgia to farm land in the Caucasus region in recent months. "I give them water and in return they always bring me some vegetables from the farm ... They are nice people, very hardworking and calm." - Larisa Maisuradze, Georgian citizen The government is seeking to bolster domestic agricultural production to help Georgia become more food self-sufficient. Most Georgians farm small plots of land for sustenance only, not enough for commercial production. Agricultural production has plummeted from 12.8 percent of the country's GDP in 2006 to just 8.3 percent at present. Georgia has stepped up the immigration of people with agricultural know-how and farmland sales to foreigners, as the country's abundant and agriculturally potent conditions have not been properly utilised by local farmers. Many Georgians, however, view the influx of foreign farmers as an "invasion". Estimates suggest thousands of Indian farmers - mostly from the northern state of Punjab - have immigrated since 2012. Maisuradze admits it was difficult to develop relationships with the new arrivals, but it didn't take her long to realise they were "nice people". "There's no drinking water in the fields, so they always come here to drink water. I give them water and in return they always bring me some vegetables from the farm - tomatoes or potatoes or something else. They are nice people, very hardworking and calm," said Maisuradze. Harvesting opportunity Ramandeep Singh Palhan, a Sikh farmer from Punjab, owns nearly 30 hectares (74 acres) of farmland that stretches beyond Maisuradze's home. One of the reasons Palhan chose Georgia is because land here is so inexpensive. "I can buy a hectare of land for US$1,000-$1,500. I can't imagine finding something that cheap in Punjab," the bearded farmer said. "You can't compare the prices. I sold one hectare of my land in Punjab and with that money I could buy 200 hectares [495 acres] of land in Georgia."   Palhan grows wheat, potatoes, garlic, onion and a variety of other crops. The 42-year-old recently walked through a fresh morning mist that hung over his fields, and bent down to grab a handful of dirt. "Feel the texture of the soil, it's great. It's very suitable for the crops we'd like to grow. It's not very different from the soil we have back home," he said. Stroking his turban he added jokingly: "I am a true Punjabi at heart. We have this inherent hunger for buying more and more land. There's not one Punjabi who is satisfied with the land he owns." Though he is trying to adapt to Georgian life, Palhan faces some hurdles. The culture and language are "different", and the food is "not spicy". Agriculture Minister David Kirvalidze [Felix Gaedtke/Al Jazeera] "Of course, I miss my family and my friends but most of all makki di roti aur sarso da saag [corn bread and mustard spiced curry]," he said longingly. Palhan found out about agricultural investment opportunities in Georgia through a newspaper advertisement by an immigration agency. Posters welcoming immigrants to Georgia are stuck on the walls of Crown Immigration Consultancy Services office on the top floor of a shopping mall in a Tbilisi suburb. The agency has facilitated the migration of about 2,000 farmers since last year, according to Dharamjit Singh Saini, executive director of the firm, who also hails from Punjab. Punjabi farmers find Georgia attractive because of the lack of red tape, said Saini. "Everything is transparent … and there's no corruption here - unlike India. If all goes well, there will be more [Indians] to come." The agency is also planning to open a Georgian-Russian-language school in Jalandhar in Punjab state to prepare farmers before they head to their new home. Unhappy Georgians Not everyone is content with recent developments. Georgian farmers with small and medium-sized farms complain while the government facilitates foreign investment in agriculture, it doesn't encourage local farmers. Raul Babunashvili is the founder of the Georgian Farmers' Union. On a weekday the union's office in Tbilisi is buzzing with activity. Sacks of seed are brought in to the storage hall, and farming equipment is briskly bought and sold. Babunashvili, 71, sits in a quiet office far from all the distraction. "In the past, the government neglected agriculture. It wasn't a priority for them. That made the farmers so broke that they have no choice but to sell their lands at a pittance to foreigners - and here let me specifically mention the Indian farmers." The union founder admitted the inadequacies of local agriculturalists, but said the government should focus on Georgians instead of foreigners to boost food production. "Georgian farmers lack the know-how and skills. We don't have the resources to invest in building infrastructure. That's why Georgian farmers are lagging behind, while Indians come and literally grab their land for the cheapest prices." Babunashvili said he doesn't have any statistics on how much land Indian farmers own in Georgia, but he wants immediate government action to halt foreigners from buying up prime agricultural areas. "We must stop this invasion of land-buyers from India. I call it invasion because they are coming in massive numbers," said Babunashvili. Paying heed to 'black sheep' In an interview, Agriculture Minister David Kirvalidze was asked whether the government was ignoring the needs of Georgian farmers. Kirvalidze said they were not made a priority by past governments, but added his administration was paying attention to the "black sheep in the family" - Georgia's agriculture sector - after it came to power in October 2012. "We are trying to bring the rural Georgian population back to life, back to business. We are making huge investments, you will see the results in the coming months. I ask you to return after seven-eight months," Kirvalidze said. The government under Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili has increased funding for agriculture by more than 60 percent from the previous budget, he noted. And a fund worth about US$600m was also created in January to provide credit for small farmers. "We are trying to bring the rural Georgian population back to life, back to business. We are making huge investments, you will see the results in the coming months." - David Kirvalidze, agriculture minister Georgia imports 80 percent of its packaged food products, a problem that negatively affects the economy. "It's nonsense, real nonsense," Kirvalidze said. "Georgian farmers have very good natural resources: soil, water and climate." Although Kirvalidze stressed improving conditions for Georgian farmers, he doesn't shun foreigners. "Any kind of investment, foreign, local or domestic - we welcome all. Every single investor who is looking to build up long-term relationships with us is welcome," he said. Ranjot Singh - who owns 150 hectares of farmland land in Georgia - saw yet another business opportunity with the wave of Punjabi immigrants. "We are running an inexpensive hotel and canteen for the new arrivals. When they arrive, they can come here and feel at home. They can speak Punjabi and eat Punjabi food and get to know other Punjabis in Tbilisi," Singh said.  But for Singh, Georgia doesn't feel like home. "Georgians are very nice people. But we are very different from them. The culture is different, even the religion is different. But there's a business opportunity here."

Men's waistbands have risen and fallen through history

By Elizabeth Diffin  BBC News Magazine http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8487106.stm The way a man wears his trousers may reveal his age, research says. But when it comes to waistband placement, history shows there is no golden rule. You no longer have to eye his hairline to determine a man's age. There's a new way to figure out just how old he is: take a look at his beltline. A survey from department store Debenhams (illustrated below) suggests that a man's waistband rises and falls throughout his life. Trousers bottom out at the age of 16 with below-the-hip styles and peak at 57, just seven inches below the armpit. Young boys may wear their trousers at their natural waist while being dressed by their parents, but they generally don't return to this style until they reach their late 20s. Fashion history shows this seesaw isn't such a new thing - waistlines have been bouncing up and down for hundreds of years. In Henry VIII's time, men wore trousers called "cannons", whose bulkiness around the thigh drew the eye. The first true trousers in Western Europe - pantaloons - were high-waisted and used light-coloured fabric to elongate a man's figure. The invention of elastic braces in the 1840s meant that trousers continued to be kept hiked up, although waistcoats prevented waistbands from being seen. But even with the waistbands hidden from prying eyes, this ushered in a problem that continues until today: Men don't know where to wear their trousers. Ups and downs "Historically, braces are used to keep up trousers and undergarments," says Andrew Groves, course director of fashion design at the University of Westminster. "They hold the trouser so it doesn't really touch the body." By the turn of the 20th Century, with the advent of baggier lounge-style suits, the waistline dropped, ushering in a century of yo-yoing waistlines. "As fashion has inevitably speeded up, the waistband has shifted up and down seasonally," says Shaun Cole, the principal lecturer in history and culture at the London College of Fashion. In particular, Alexander McQueen's "bumsters" (revealingly low-cut trousers) and hip-hop music in the 1980s and 1990s influenced people to wear their trousers on their hips… or even lower.  Trends are much slower in menswear... They take longer to filter through  Shaun Cole London College of Fashion "Young people of today are used to having boxer shorts hanging out," Mr Groves says. "They think they're wearing [their trousers] normally, but they're actually on the hip." That perception of where trousers should sit is at the root of the mockery of Simon Cowell, Britain's face of the so-called natural waist. But according to the Debenhams study, Mr Cowell, at age 50, is a bit old to wear his trousers there. "It just looks odd," Mr Groves says. "[But] it wasn't like he was making a fashion statement." Fashion tradition is also on Mr Cowell's side. It dictates that trousers be worn on the "natural waist", the narrowest part of the body between the chest and hip. Most suits are designed for the natural waist or slightly below, but jackets hide that fact. Mr Cole says that a man's body shape determines where he views his "waist" to be. Men entrenched in the gym and fitness culture may be hyper-aware of the natural waist. With a rise in obesity, overweight men may not know whether to wear them above or below their stomach. This confusion is also reflected in the Debenhams' survey, with research into what the clothing industry calls Under and Over Achievers. Although most men would prefer to fasten the waistband over their natural waist, the survey shows that 20% of older men will ignore their changing body shape and wear their trousers below their natural waistline, rather than buying a larger size. Women led the way in low-cut styles like Alexander McQueen's bumsters Many men may simply follow what their friends and acquaintances are doing, says Mr Groves, or follow a shop assistant's instructions. They also can be influenced by the fashions of their personal coming-of-age period and then carry them throughout life. Mr Groves has a hard time believing the waistband trends will continue indefinitely. "The idea of old people walking around with their pants hanging out is not pleasant," he says. "Are people suddenly going to pull their trousers up? I don't think so." Although there is no single rule for where a man's waistband should sit, Mr Groves offers a simple test: Don't expose your socks or your belly. "Pay attention to where [your trousers] join the rest of the body," he says. And to those who bemoan living in a country of lowering waist lines, he offers some encouragement: what goes around comes around. Fashion tends to be cyclical, so high waists may not be gone for long. Just give it another 10 years. Below is a selection of your comments. I am a 49 year old with a 30" waist and struggle to buy trousers off the peg that size. I am often directed to the boys section of shops, what are males waistlines coming to? Dave, Solihull Stange comment about showing socks though. Anyone who sees something from the 1960s will see that there was always a 1" gap between trouser and shoe to match the 1" gap between cuff and shirt. Bond does it all the time. That is something that has vanished completely, but I think looks pretty smart. Peter, London The height of one's waistband is not dependent on your age, as much as on the fashion of the day. In my grandfather's day, trousers such as the Oxford Bag were cut with a high waistband - he persisted in wearing what he found smart and comfortable. Fashion tradition dictates nothing: it merely reflects the average waistband. High-waisted trousers can be extremely flattering - although they are barely seen these days except amongst vintage enthusiasts or in military formal wear. Today I happen to be wearing high-waisted 1930s cut jeans - and they're great. PJ Ayres, London I don't think it has anything to do with age at all - it all depends on the belly issue. There comes a time in a man's life when he has to make the decision that he will stick to until the day he dies - am I an up-and-over or an up-and-under? Whereas my Dad & my brother both chose the up-and-over camp, my hubby has gone to the up-and-under. I guess it all depends on where you want the belly bulge to be seen - in your shirt or in your trousers. Lily This reaffirms my suspicion that I'm a middle-aged man in a 20-something's body. For a while, I've lamented the trouser styles widely available for my age that are to sit on (or slightly below) the natural waist. I find that by constantly sitting and getting up my shirt rides out and needs to be tucked in time and time again. If so many people would prefer a higher waistline, why are they so hard to find in shops. Perhaps a return to kidney-warmers and braces is too much to hope for? Rhys, Carmarthenshire Sadly your graph is wrong: no line for the below the bum cheeks waistline. AndrewM, London Trousers are made with a certain distance from where the legs join to the waistband and a certain length of leg.. You can't pull them up any further than this distance unless you want to be a soprano, or you can wear them lower. If the leg to waist is large and you wear them at your waist then the point of legs will be halfway down your thighs. It's nothing to do with your age, it's to do with the fashion of the trousers when you bought them and how long they last. You can't buy trousers that button round your nipples like you saw old men wearing 30 years ago, and they bought them years before that. It's like flat front and pleats, and straight and angled pockets. Fashion designers decree that something is not happening not the people who buy them. Robert, Glos UK What makes me laugh is that everyone I've asked who wears their trousers down low say they do this to be different. But they all look the same. Mik Hatcher, Rochester Nonsense. You get no choice in what's offered these days - and if that leaves a gut above the belt, that's life. Rahere, Smithfield Big belly? Wear 'em high with a waistcoat or sweater or tank top or something to cover the waistband. A belly hanging over a waistband never looks good and can never be "fashionable". The cardinal crime IMO is not the relative height of the waistband, it's whether the inside leg has been correctly judged. People, men especially, tall men worst of all, who wear their trousers floating a few inches above their shoes and socks should be ritually de-bagged in the street and forced to wear their trousers on their head for such a grievous style crime. Unless your trousers are rolled up, if you can see your socks in the mirror when you are wearing trousers and standing up... don't. Go and buy a pair that fit properly! Richard, London

Study on the Customs of South Indian Mothers during pregnancy

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Study on the Customs of South Indian Mothers during pregnancy 

AUTHOR   Dr .A. K. AVASARALA
                      MBBS,M.D.
PROFESSOR &HEAD
DEPT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE &  EPIDEMIOLOGY
PRATHIMA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, KARIMNAGAR,A.P..
INDIA : +91505417
avasarala@yahoo.com
   

Introduction 

• Customs in a community will play a key role in its health promotion.
• Some of these customs positively contribute to increase the health of the mother and the child while some affect them adversely.

Introduction 

• Most of the customs  will have  a cultural background rather than a scientific basis
• In this study, it is attempted  to bring out the various social customs prevalent among the south Indian mothers during pregnancy

Learning objectives 

• To know the various social customs practiced by the south Indian mothers during pregnancy.
• To know the reasons behind these social customs

Performance objectives  

• To educate the women ,the elders and  dais (dais are old women who will conduct deliveries in villages) about the positive and negative influences of the social customs
• and to change their attitudes.

Study population 

• 50   urban women   who attended urban Maternal child health centre ,Chengalrao peta , Visakhapatnam)
• 50 women from antenatal clinic at urban slum, kallupaakalu  living in urban slums
• 50 women in rural villages of rural health centre ,Simhachalam
•                 =Total 150 women

METHODOLOGY 

• By survey  using a pretested questionnaire enquiring about the-----
• General customs
• Dietary practices
• Customs regarding rest, personal hygiene& breast feeding

• General Customs

Seemantham  

• In Indian culture, motherhood is sacred and brings proud ness to the woman and her parents
• This is exhibited in the form of Seemantham .
• It is the celebration that   the child attained viability

Seemantham ( Bangle ceremony) 

• As soon as the fetus becomes viable by 7^th month, the parents of the pregnant woman proudly celebrate by inviting all  parous women around .
• Each of them will put a pair of bangles on the hands of the pregnant woman and blesses  the pregnant woman to have safe delivery and healthy child.

Place of delivery 

• Usually women prefer parent’s home for the first delivery .They will have fear  for first pregnancy and they feel relaxed at their birth place ,hence the preference.

• They prefer  mother -in-law’s homes for later deliveries. This may be with the purpose of sharing the burden.

Travel preferences 

• For the fear of abortion, mothers prefer to travel only after 7^th  or 9^th month i.e. after the fetus attained viability.
• After child birth  , they return to their husband’s house only after 3^rd or  5^th month. This may be due to avoid early sexual contact.

Waist belt use 

• Wearing the waist belt is very common custom . The main reason appears to avoid distended pot belly development after delivery.
• They claim that gas will accumulate in abdomen after delivery and causes protuberant belly, if it is not tied with a towel .

Ear plugging  

• A very common  rural custom of covering the ears with a soft cloth or plugging the ears with cotton wool  to prevent entry of air into ear.
• They think that they will get fever  and earaches if it is not done.

WEARING SLIPPERS 

• Rural women, not wearing the slippers antenatally , also wear them when they become pregnant to avoid wet feet and thereby fever.

Eclipses 

• All pregnant women stay indoors during eclipses for the fear of ultra violet irradiation casing  congenital defects in the children. 

PREVALENCE OF GENERAL CUSTOMS  

80 

100

 

85 

100 

92 

100 

Wearing of slippers
Staying indoor during eclipse

90 

80 

50 

Ear plugging

96 

82 

60 

Wearing of waist belt 

80 

70 

90 

Preference of 7th month (Antenatally) and 5th month postnatally for travel

90 

90 

90 

Preference of mother-in-law’s home for third pregnancy

70 

90 

90 

Preference of mother’s home for first two pregnancies 

30 

04 

70
 

Seemantham
(Bangle wearing ceremony) 
RURAL
MOTHERS
N=50
(%) 
URBAN SLUM
MOTHERS
N=50
(%) 
URBAN
MOTHERS
N=50
(%) 
CUSTOMS

REASONS FOR GENERAL CUSTOMS 

• Wearing of slippers
• Staying indoor during eclipse

• Ear plugging

• Wearing of waist belt

• Preference of 7th month (Antenatally) and 5th month postnatally for travel

• Preference of mother-in-law’s home for third pregnancy

• Preference of mother’s home for first two pregnancies

• Seemantham
• (Bangle wearing ceremony)

CUSTOMS  

To avoid wet feet and fever (92%)
Fear of congenital defects in the child.
To prevent earache (70%) 
To avoid pot belly(80%) 
Traditional (92%) Abortion risk passed away (8%) 
Traditional (75%) Sharing the burden (25%) 
Traditional (92%) Better care (75%) 
Traditional (90%) 

REASONS

• Dietary customs

Water consumption during pregnancy 

• All pregnant women consume less water during and after pregnancy
• Antenatally they are afraid of water logging of the body and postnatally they wish to get dried up as soon as possible.

• Hence mother in laws or elders  will allow only hot water, not cold water,  to drink as it cannot be consumed much. 

Food practices 

• Antenatally, food quantity is reduced by rural women for the fear of obstructed labour by big baby whereas with  urban women this is less practiced.

• Quantity is increased postnatally by all women to get rid of weakness and to increase milk secretion.

Food restrictions 

• Fish is avoided by  rural women for the fear of causing pruritis.
• Papaya is universally forbidden  thinking it is an abortifacient.
• Greendal is restricted  for fear of infections  in the child and the mother.
• Green leafy vegetables were restricted for fear of loose motions in the child.

Special food items 

• Kayam- a  special food preparation which is made up of jaggery, asafetida, cloves will be eaten daily  for 3 days  postnatally by most of the rural mothers to get the uterus  involuted quickly.
• Fried jeera( a spice) rice  along with the food  to warm up the body postnatally will be taken by rural mothers.
• Alcohol:-Few pregnant mothers will consume alcohol for the same purpose
• All the  postnatal women think ,if they don’t keep their body warm ,they will go into shock.

PREVALENCE OF DIETARY CUSTOMS  

RURAL  MOTHERS

N=50

(%)  

URBAN SLUM   MOTHERS

N=50

(%)  

URBAN   MOTHERS

N=50

(%)  

CUSTOMS 
 

78

60

02
 

30

30
 

22

5
 

Special food items:

• Kayam
• Fried Jera
• Alchol

74

100

90

84

64
 

70

96

64

76

72
 

24

92

24

50

24 

Food restrictions:

• Fish
• Papaya
• Greendal
• Pumpkin
• Green leafy vegetables

70 

70 

30 

40 

30 

80 

• Less  food-antenatally
• More food postnatally

60

94 

37

90 

30

80 

• Hot water antenatally
• Hot water postnatally

90 

90 

80 

Restricting Drinking water

REASONS FOR DIETARY CUSTOMS  

Special food items:

• Kayam
• Fried Jera
• Alchol

Food restrictions:

• Fish
• Papaya
• Greendal
• Pumpkin
• Green leafy vegetables

• Less  food-antenatally

• More food postnatally

• Hot water antenatally
• Hot water postnatally

Restricting Drinking water 

CUSTOMS  

• To get dried up postnatally (68%)
• To keep body warm (60%)
• To prevent for shock (2%)

• Pruritis (77%)
• Abortifacient (60%) elders advice(14%)
• Infection to mother & child (80%)
• Peripheral neuritis (82%)
• Diarrhoea in child (75%)

For fear of big baby and difficulty labor(16%) Indigestion (15%)
To get rid of weakness (54%) increased hunger (35%) to increase milk secretion (12%)

Cannot drink more (75%)
Fear of water logging of body(70%) 

REASONS

• Customs regarding:-
• Rest&work
• Personal hygiene,
• Breast feeding

Rest &work 

• Antenatally, rest will be taken during pregnancy by all women, more so in urban women.
• Postnatally, all women prefer to take rest to ease their weakness and regain their strength .

Personal hygiene 

• Rural women will be given head bath on 11^th day as the vaginal discharges stop by that day.
• Till then, they will take sponge bath only.

Breast feeding 

• Colostrum is discarded  mainly by rural women due to their illiteracy. They call it witch’s milk.
• Feeding is commenced on the first day by half of the women only.
• If feverish, feeding will be stopped.

REST, HYGIENE& BREAST FEEDING CUSTOMS 

RURAL  MOTHERS

N=50

(%)  

URBAN slum   MOTHERS

N=50

(%)  

URBAN   MOTHERS

N=50

(%)  

CUSTOMS 
 

90

30

75
 

78

50

75
 

10

70

80 

Breast feeding:

• Colostrums discarding
• Starting of breast feeding on 1st day
• Privacy during breast feeding

90

40
 

90

40
 

90

66 

Personal hygiene:

• Head both on 11th day
• Hot water bath

60

62
 

70

57
 

76

80 

Rest:

• Antenatally
• Postnatally

REST, HYGINE& BREAST FEEDING CUSTOMS 

Breast feeding:

• Colostrum discarding
• Starting of breast feeding on 1st day
• Privacy during breast feeding

Personal hygiene:

• Head both on 11th day
• Hot water bath

Rest:

• Antenatally
• Postnatally

CUSTOMS 
 

• Harmful to child (90% of rural mothers)
• indigestion to child (10%)
• indigestion to child (70% of rural mothers)
• Privacy to mother (75%)
• Infection to child (10%)
• Dhisty (Jealous & harmful looks of neighbors) to child (15%)

• As vaginal discharge stops(57%)
• To ease the body pains (34%)
• Elder’s advice (9%)

• To get rid of weakness (47%)
• Elder’s advice (33%)

REASONS

Health role of the customs  

• This is difficult to define .
• Most of the general customs appear to be traditional in nature, intermingled with the culture and carried out as conventions as per the advice of the elders. .
• Seemantham appears to be having  positive  psychological health influence as it causes proud ness and self confidence  in women because  motherhood gives perfection woman hood in Indian culture.

Health role 

• Going to parent’s home ,during the first pregnancy , gives the woman the opportunity  to be away from her husband and sex, and to have rest, to learn mother craft and of  getting accustomed to the place of delivery.

Health role 

• Traveling after completion of 7^th month of amenorrhea can be approved as healthy as risk for abortion lessens.

Health role. 

• Eclipse fear    and papaya  as the causes of fetal damage  are so deep rooted even the educated women will not take risk.
• These are so strong , there is no scope for even studying the association.

Health role 

• Colostrum discarding,
• taking less food antenatally,
• Taking harmful  alcohol and Kayam etc,
•   avoiding  nutritious dals , leafy vegetables, fish in food , and water antenatally

  ---are all unhealthy customs 

Nutritional education 

• Nutritive values of the various foods to be explained to the women, elders, dais to eliminate unnecessary restrictions.
• They must think that pregnancy is physiological and there is no need for unnecessary restrictions of food

Dais’ training  

• The rural women are practicing these customs on the advice of either their elders or the old traditional dais who conduct deliveries in the villages. .
• Hence it is important  first to change the attitude of these elders and dais regarding the customs by giving them proper training.

conclusions 

• As most of the customs are traditionally based, culture oriented and sensitive , a careful approach of health education of  all reproductive women  is  to be planned for without hurting their cultural feelings. 

Schoolies the drunkest ever - police

NEWShttp://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/victorian-schoolies-splash-out-and-play-up-on-the-gold-coast-queensland/story-e6frf7kx-1225804345456

Schoolies the drunkest ever - police

• EMILY POWER
• HERALD SUN
• NOVEMBER 28, 2009 8:51PM

Beach party: Melbourne schoolies (L-R) Nikki, Shontelle, Sarah, Gemma, and Kristen get into the spirit at Surfers Paradise during schoolies celebrations. Picture: Nicole Garmston Source: Herald Sun

MISSING SWIMMER NOT A SCHOOLIE

Arrests are up on last year but a missing swimmer isn't a Schoolie. Vision: Channel 7

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• schoolies, Surfers Paradise
• Missing swimmer not a Schoolie

UPDATE 6pm: This year's batch of schoolies are the drunkest ever and have shown little respect for Queensland's drinking laws, according to police.

Statistics show double the number of schoolies have been arrested for being drunk and disorderly, and an increase in the number charged with drinking in public.

Gold Coast District Supt Jim Keogh says intoxication levels of teenagers is a grave concern after 67 arrests for being drunk in public compared with 21 in the opening week last year.

He said 465 tickets were issued for consuming alcohol in a public place compared with 331 last year.

"I would say their intox levels are the highest I have seen in the many years I have been doing schoolies," Supt Keogh told reporters.

"I think they have had access to alcohol for many years.

"The drunkenness or the arrests for drunkenness have all been in a public area.

"Their ability to address social law or interact socially in the broader community leaves a lot to be desired."

A 17-year-old Brisbane schoolie, charged with assault and drug possession, was among 25 schoolies arrested  on Friday night in Surfers Paradise. Police allege he assaulted a security guard and another male schoolie while waiting in line at the Wrist Band Distribution Centre.

Police laid 31 charges against the 25 schoolies. The crowds on Friday night were significantly higher that the corresponding evening last year.

It's estimated 25,000 attended the end-of-school celebrations on Friday night compared with 16,000 in 2008.

The majority of arrests of schoolies and non-schoolies (54 arrests) were for public nuisance, drunkenness and street offences.

Earlier reports said a fight erupted between female schoolies on Friday night as more Victorian VCE graduates arrived on the Gold Coast.

About six girls viciously punched each other and scuffled in the sand in the official schoolies hub on the Surfers Paradise foreshore just after midnight yesterday, as other teens gathered around and jeered.

Unfazed by the violence, some boys called out sexual obscenities and spectators danced and chanted as the girls were dragged off each other.

One distressed girl involved in the fight was crying. A member of the rival group approached her after the brawl and appeared to apologise.

The Herald Sun did not see any security guards try to stop the fight, which lasted less than a minute.

Gold Coast Supt Jim Keogh said he could not comment on the incident but he was very happy with the work of security during the schoolies festival.

The fight, which happened just as a DJ finished his set and the hub closed for the night, broke out after words were exchanged between two groups.

The Queensland Government-sponsored hub is an alcohol-free zone only for registered schoolies wearing official wristbands.

Research from drug experts and police arrest statistics shows illegal substance abuse at schoolies has dropped, but binge drinking has risen: 90 per cent of schoolies partying in Queensland this week will consume booze, 25 per cent will smoke cannabis, and 11 per cent will take ecstasy, trend figures indicate.

Cannabis use has been declining since 1999, and levels of ecstasy use have been stable for the past 10 years, the data from the Centre for Addiction Research and Education revealed.

Supt Keogh said drug use was down, but alcohol consumption was up among schoolies this year.

Organisers said more Victorians had arrived late yesterday to pick up their registration and identification.

Up to 10,000 NSW and Victorian schoolies - most of them over 18 - are continuing to arrive.

Paramedics and police were on high alert for violence and drunkenness last night, with Queensland teens, who are mostly 17, finishing their portion of schoolies celebrations with a bang.

Surfers Paradise police will change tactics as the adult-age Victorian and NSW schoolies arrive.

Victorian schoolies will party into next week in venues with non-schoolies patrons, creating a new challenge for police.